Appraise the impact of confounding on research.
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IntroductionIn research, a confounder is a variable that can influence both independent and dependent variables hence leading to a spurious association. Since confounding is one of the causal concepts, it cannot be described in relation to associations or correlations. There are various types of confounding in research, including operational confounding, person confounding, and procedural confounding, according to Hennink, Hutter & Bailey (2020). Operational confounding is mostly seen in non-experimental and experimental research designs and occurs when a specific measure is designed to assess a construct. Procedural confounding occurs in laboratory experiments and gets associated with a researchers mistake in allowing one variable to change in correspondence to use an independent vari...
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